Site hosted by Angelfire.com: Build your free website today!
Under construction...

Main page

Copyright © V. Rozn 1999-2015

Comments and questions can be mailed to the author

The Holy Roman Empire Constitution

The last years of the Holy Roman Empire

The Napoleonic Germany

The German Ruling Houses




Last updated: Jan 2, 2015



Holstein and Oldenburg

The House of Holstein descended from the ancient immediate Counts of Oldenburg [9: 1942; p.41, 65-68, 87-88, 105-106].

In 1448, Christian (+1481), Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, was elected King of Denmark (as Christian I).
In 1450, Christian was elected King of Norway.

In 1454, Christian I (+1481), King of Denmark, ceded Oldenburg and Delmenhorst to his brothers Maurice and Gerhard, whose descendants ruled in Oldenburg and Delmenhorst until 1667 (Note 2).

In 1460, Christian (+1481), King of Denmark, succeeded his maternal uncle Adolf VIII in the Duchy of Schleswig and in the Rendsburg portion of the County of Holstein-Rendsburg (Note 1).

In 1474, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire elevated the County of Holstein-Rendsburg (with the land of Dithmarschen) to the rank of Duchy.

Christian III and his brothers Johann "the Elder" (+1580) and Adolf (+1586) divided the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (Note 3).
After the death of Johann "the Elder,” Christian III and Adolf re-divided Schleswig and Holstein, Christian III's parts became known as Glückstadt, Adolf's parts as Gottorp / Gottorf.
Christian III (+1559), and Adolf (+1586), sons of Friedrich I, King of Denmark & Norway, Duke of Schleswig & Holstein, founded, respectively, the Denmark and Gottorp branches.

Notes:
1. The County of Holstein was an Imperial immediate land; the Duchy of Schleswig was under suzerainty of the Kings of Denmark.
Another portion of the the County of Holstein belonged to the Pinneberg branch of the original ruling House of Schaumburg / Schauenburg.
2. Count Gerhard (+1550), younger brother of Christian I, King of Denmark, and Duke of Holstein, founded the branch, that ruled in Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, and became extinct in the male line in 1667. As Anton-Günther (+1667), Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, the last representative of the branch, had no legitimate son, Oldenburg and Delmenhorst passed to the Kings of Denmark. Anton-Günther left an illegitimate son, Anton (+1680), who received the family name of Aldenburg, was legitimized and elevated to the rank of Imperial Count (1653) by the Emperor of the Romans. Count Anton I of Aldenburg founded the branch that ruled in Kniphausen and Varel until 1800, and became extinct in the male line in 1738. In 1733, Countess Sophie-Charlotte of Aldenburg (1715-1800), Lady of Kniphausen and Varel in 1738-1800, daughter of the last male representative of the branch, married Count Wilhelm of Bentinck (1704-1774). Their descendants ruled in Kniphausen and Varel until 1854.
3. As the Dukes of Holstein, the three brothers had the equal right, and were immediate territorial rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. In Schleswig, Johann "the Elder" and Adolf recognized the suzerainty of Christian III as King of Denmark.






1. Denmark

King Christian III (+1559), continued the direct Denmark branch. He and his descendants ruled in the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway.

Friedrich III (+1588) and Johann "the Younger" (+1622), sons of King Christian III, founded, respectively, the branches of Denmark and Sonderburg (N1.).

Notes:
1. Their brother Magnus (+1583) ruled as King of Livonia in 1570-1577.




1. Denmark +1863

King Friedrich III (+1588), continued the direct Denmark branch. He and his descendants ruled in the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, and in the Glückstadt parts of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

Friedrich III and his brother Johann "the Younger" (+1622), divided the Glückstadt parts of Schleswig and Holstein.

In 1640, after the extinction of the Pinneberg branch of the House of Holstein-Schaumburg, its parts of Holstein passed to the Kings of Denmark.

In Jan 1661, Denmark officially became a Hereditary Monarchy. Although hereditary monarchs de facto, until 1660 each successor became King of Denmark de jure only through election by the Rigsråd.

In 1721, by the Peace of Nystaedt, the King of Denmark acquired the Gottorp parts of the Duchy of Schleswig.

In 1773, by Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, the King of Denmark acquired the Gottorp parts of the Duchy of Holstein [13: tome VII; p.201].

In Aug 1806, with the abdication of the Roman Emperor, the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire over the German possessions of the King of Denmark ended.

In 1814, the King of Denmark ceded his rights to the Crown of Norway to he King of Sweden.

In 1815, the King of Denmark joined the German Confederation as Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg.

In 1863, the Denmark branch of the House of Holstein became extinct in the male line. The Kingdom of Denmark with the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein & Lauenburg passed to Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (+1906).




List of the Rulers

Christian VII (1749-1808) [1766-1808]
Friedrich VI (1768-1839) [1808-1839]
Christian VIII (1786-1848) [1839-1848]
Friedrich VII (1808-1863) [1848-1863]




Titles

1777-1814

King of Denmark, Norway, the Goths, the Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;


1814-1814

King of Denmark, the Goths, the Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Lauenburg, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg, Pomerania;
Prince of Rügen;


1814-1816
King of Denmark, the Goths, the Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;


1816-1863
King of Denmark, the Goths, the Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Lauenburg, Oldenburg;




Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in 1789 [2: p.13]

The Lower Saxony:
- Holstein-Glückstadt;
- Holstein-Gottorp;
- Rantzau;




Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789 [2: p.4, 50]

Individual voices in the Council of Princes:
- Holstein-Glückstadt;




Territorial Possessions in 1789

The Imperial Circle of the Lower Saxony:
- Holstein with Stormarn and Dithmarschen;
- Pinneberg with Rantzau;


Sovereign outside the Empire:
- Denmark;
- Norway with Iceland and the Faroe Islands;
- Schleswig / Slesvig;




Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1803 [3: Abtheilung II; Band I; p.358-360]
(Changes by the Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation)

Individual voices in the Council of Princes:
- Holstein-Glückstadt;
- Holstein-Plön;




Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since 1789

- In Jan 1814, by The Treaty of Kiel the King of Denmark exchanged the Kingdom of Norway for Fore Pomerania with Rügen with the King of Sweden. Iceland and the Faroe Islands remained with Denmark.

- In 1814, the King of Denmark exchanged Fore Pomerania with Rügen for the Duchy of Lauenburg.








1.2. Sonderburg

Johann "the Younger" (+1622), son of King Christian III, founded the Sonderburg / Sønderborg appanage branch.

Johann "the Younger" and his elder brother Friedrich III, King of Denmark and Norway, divided the Glückstadt parts of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
The possessions of the Sonderburg branch in Holstein were under the Territorial Supremacy of the Kings of Denmark in their position of the Dukes of Holstein-Glückstadt.

Duke Johann's sons and grandsons of founded several sub-branches of the Sonderburg branch (Franzhagen, Wiesenburg, Plön, Norburg, Glücksburg, Augustenburg, Beck, etc.) (Note 1).
By the end of the 18th century, only the Augustenburg and Beck branches survived.

Ernst-Günther (+1689), and August-Philipp (+1675), sons of Alexander (+1627), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, founded, respectively, the branches of Augustenburg and Beck.

Notes:
1. The Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein from the several Sonderburg sub-branches (e.g., Plön, Norburg, and Glücksburg) minted their own coins.




1.2.1. Augustenburg +1931

Duke Ernst-Günther (+1689), founded the branch of Augustenburg / Augustenborg.

In Nov 1863, upon the extinction of the Denmark branch, Friedrich-Christian-August of Augustenburg (+1880), advanced claims to the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
In Dec 1863, the Saxon and Hanoverian troops marched into Holstein in the name of the German Confederation, and supported by their presence and by the loyalty of the Holsteiners Friedrich-Christian-August assumed government as Duke Friedrich VIII of Schleswig and Holstein.
In 1864, the invasion of the Prussian and Austrian troops put aside Duke Friedrich VIII and took control over Schleswig and Holstein.




List of the Rulers

Friedrich VIII-Christian-August (+1880) [1863-1864]




Titles

1777-1863

Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;


1863-1864

Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarshes;








1.2.2. Beck (Glücksburg after 1825)

Duke August-Philipp (+1675), son of Alexander (+1627), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, founded the branch of Beck.

In 1825, Duke Wilhelm of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (+1831), take the title of Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg / Lyksborg.

Friedrich (+1885) and Christian (+1906), sons of Duke Wilhelm (+1831), founded, respectively, the Glücksburg Ducal and the Denmark Royal branches.




1.2.2.1. Glücksburg

Duke Friedrich (+1885), the second son of Duke Wilhelm, continued the Glücksburg Ducal branch (Note 1).

Notes:
1. In 1903, Emperor Nicholas II of Russia declared that if the male issue of Duke Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig of Oldenburg (+1829) would completely extinct, he inclined to transfer all the rights of the Imperial House of Russia in Oldenburg to Duke Friedrich-Ferdinand (+1934), the Head of the Glücksburg branch, and the eldest son of Duke Friedrich (+1885) [21: Band XIX (1905); p.211-214].




Titles

1825- >

Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;








1.2.2.2. Denmark-Glücksburg

Christian (+1906), the fourth son of Duke Wilhelm of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, founded the new Denmark Royal House of Glücksburg.

In 1863, Christian of Glücksburg (+1906) became King of Denmark (as Christian IX), Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.

In Oct 1864, by the Treaty of Vienna Christian IX ceded all of his German possessions (Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg) to Prussia and Austria.

Notes:
1. Wilhelm (+1913), the second son of King Christian IX of Denmark, became King / Basileus of the Greeks (as Georgios I), and founded the Greek Royal House that reigned until 1973.
2. Carl (+1957), the second son of King Frederik IX of Denmark, became King of Norway (as Haakon VII), and founded the Royal House that has reigned in Norway.
3. Christian X (+1947) was King of Denmark from 1912 to 1947 and King of Iceland between 1918 and 1944.
4. Because King Frederick IX of Denmark (+1972) had no sons, it was expected that his younger brother Prince Knud (+1976) would inherit the Throne, in accordance with Denmark's succession law (Royal Ordinance of 1853). However, in 1953, an Act of Succession was passed, changing the method of succession to cognatic primogeniture, meaning that his eldest daughter, Margrethe, could succeed if he had no sons, which she did, as Queen Margrethe II in 1972. By order of 27 March 1953 the succession to the throne was limited to the issue of King Christian X.




List of the Rulers

Christian VIII (1816-1906) [1863-1864]
// 1863-1908 King of Denmark; 1863-1864 Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg




Titles

1863-1918

King of Denmark, the Wendes, the Goths;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarshes, Lauenburg, Oldenburg;








2. Gottorp

In 1544, Adolf (+1586), son of Friedrich I, King of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, received parts of Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and founded the branch named Gottorp / Gottorf after his residence in Schleswig.

In 1658, the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp became a sovereign ruler, when, by the Treaty of Roskilde, the King of Denmark renounced his suzerainty over the Gottorp portion of Schleswig.

Friedrich IV (+1702) and Christian-August (+1726), sons of Christian-Albrecht (+1695), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, founded, respectively, the direct Gottorp and Eutin branches.




2.1. Russia / Romanov

Duke Friedrich IV (+1702) continued the branch that ruled in the Gottorp portion of Schleswig and Holstein.

During the Great Northern War (1700-1721), Duke Karl-Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (+1739) sided with Sweden, and Danish troops defeated him and occupied his portion of Schleswig.
In 1720, by the Treaty of Frederiksborg, Karl-Friedrich lost his possessions in Schleswig and his sovereign status.

Duke Karl-Friedrich (+1739) married Anna, a daughter of Peter I "the Great", Emperor of Russia from the House of Romanov.
In 1742, Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, proclaimed as heir to the Russian Throne her nephew Karl-Peter-Ulrich (+1762), the only child of Karl-Friedrich and Anna.

In Jan 1762, Karl-Peter Ulrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, became Emperor of Russia as Peter III. He and his descendants accepted Romanov / Romanoff as their dynastic name.

In June 1762, Catherine (+1796), the wife of Emperor Peter III, forced him to abdicate and became Empress Ekaterina / Catherine II of Russia. In several days, Peter III died, and their son Pavel / Paul (+1801) succeeded in Holstein-Gottorp.

In 1773, by Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, Paul (+1801) ceded the Gottorp portion of Holstein to the King of Denmark and lost his representation in the Imperial Diet and other Imperial institutions [13: tome VII; p.189]. (Note 1).

In 1796, Paul (+1801) succeeded his mother Ekaterina / Catherine II as Emperor Pavel I and inherited the Imperial immediate Lordship of Jever.

In Aug 1806, with the abdication of the Roman Emperor, the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire over Jever ended.

In 1807, by the Treaty of Tilsit, the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever to the King of Holland.

In 1813, the Emperor of Russia regained Jever.

In 1818, the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever, his only possession in Germany, to Oldenburg.

In the course of the February Revolution of 1917, the Emperor of Russia was deposed.

In 1992, Grand Duke Vladimir of Russia died, and according to the strict interpretation of the Russian Imperial succession laws, the Russian Imperial House of Romanov became extinct in the male line (Note 2).

Notes:
1.The King of Denmark ceded the Counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, which Paul immediately gave to his male relative Friedrich-August of Holstein-Gottorp (+1787), Bushop of Lübeck.
2. Several living male descendants of the Emperors of Russia from non-equal marriages claim the official membership in the House.




List of the Rulers

Paul (1754-1801) [1762-1773, 1796-1801]
// 1762-1773 in Holstein-Gottorp; 1796-1801 in Jever;
// 1796 Emperor of Russia; 1798 Grand Master of the Order of St. John
Alexander (1777-1825) [1801-1807, 1813-1818]
// 1801-1807, 1813-1818 in Jever
// 1801-1825 Emperor of Russia




Titles

1796-1801

Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn; Podolia;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor, Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern Countries;
Lord of the Land of Iveria, of the Czars of Kartly and Georgia, of the Land of Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
Lord of Jever;


 1801- Jan 1809

Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn; Podolia;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm,
Viatka, Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor, Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern Countries;
Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia, Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
Lord of Jever;


Jan 1809-1815

Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn; Podolia, Finland;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor, Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern Countries;
Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia, Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;

 
1815-1828

Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Poland, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn; Podolia, Finland;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor, Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern Countries;
Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia, Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;




Territorial Possessions in 1789

Outside Imperial Circles:
- Jever;


Sovereign outside the Empire:
- the Russian Empire that among other lands included Estonia / Estland, Livonia / Liefland, Courland / Kurland / Kurzeme, Semigalia / Semgallen / Zemgale, Lithuania / Lietuva, White Russia / Belorussia / Belarus, Crimea, Wolyn; Podolia, Lesser Russia (Ukraine), North Caucasus, the Volga and Ural Regions, Siberia, Alaska. The Emperor of Russia was overlorship over Kartli-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia / Sakartvelo), North Kazakhstan, etc.




Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since 1789 [13: tome VII; p.204].

- In 1801, the Emperor of Russia annexed the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia).

- In 1803, the Emperor of Russia became the overlord of the Principality of Mingrelia (Western Georgia / Sakartvelo).

- In 1804, the Emperor of Russia became the overlord of the Kingdom of Imereti (Western Georgia).

- In 1807, by the Treaty of Tilsit the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever to the King of Holland.

- In 1809, following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, the Emperor of Russia annexed Finland that became a autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire.

- In 1810, the Emperor of Russia annexed Imereti (Western Georgia).

- In 1810, the Emperor of Russia became the overlord of the Principality of Abkhazia.

- In 1812, the Emperor of Russia acquired Bessarabia by the Treaty of Bucharest that concluded the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812).

- In 1813, the Emperor of Russia regained Jever.

- In 1815, by the decisions of the Congress of Vienna, the Emperor of Russia acquired Poland that became a autonomous Kingdom in the Russian Empire.

- In 1818, the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever to Oldenburg.








2.1.2. Eutin

Christian-August (+1726), Bishop of Lübeck, son of the ruling Duke Christian-Albrecht of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (+1695) founded the Eutin branch. Christian-August and his descendants ruled as Bishops of Lübeck (Note 1).

Adolf-Friedrich (+1771), Friedrich-August (+1787) and Georg-Ludwig (+1763), sons of Christian-August (+1726), founded, respectively, the Sweden, the First Oldenburg and the Second Oldenburg branches.

Notes:
Since 1586 the chapter of the Protestant (Lutheran) Bishopric of Lübeck elected only members the Gottorp branch of the House of Holstein as Bishops. The Bishopric had an individual voice in the Ecclesiastical bench of the Council of Prince of the Imperial Assembly. Eutin was the residence of the Bishops of Lübeck. In 1803, by the Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation, the Bishopric of Lübeck became an hereditary possession of the Eutin branch of the House of Holstein.




2.1.2.1. Sweden +1877

In 1727, Adolf-Friedrich (+1771), the second son of Christian-August of Holstein-Gottorp, succeeded his elder brother Karl--August in the Bishopric of Lübeck.
In 1751, Adolf-Friedrich, became King of Sweden (since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the Crown of Sweden possessed several immediate territories in the Holy Roman Empire and representation in the Imperial Assembly).

In Aug 1806, with the abdication of the Roman Emperor, the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire over the German possessions of the King of Sweden ended.

In 1814, the King of Sweden ceded all of his German possessions and acquired the Kingdom of Norway.

In 1818, after the death of King Karl XIII, the reign of the House of Holstein-Gottorp in Sweden and Norway ended (Note 1).

In 1877, with the death of Gustav, son of the deposed King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, the branch of Sweden became extinct in the male line.

Notes:
1. In 1818, the Crowns of Sweden and Norway passed to the House of Bernadotte.




List of the Rulers

Gustav (as III in Sweden) (1746-1792) [1771-1792]
Gustav (as IV in Sweden) Adolf (1778-1837) [1792-1809]
Karl (as XIII in Sweden) (1748-1818) [1809-1814]
// 1809-1814 in Fore Pomerania, Rügen
// 1809-1818 King of Sweden; 1814-1818 King of Norway




Titles

1751-1792

King of Sweden, the Goths, the Wendes;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen;
Count of Oldenburg, Delmenhorst;


1792-1809

King of Sweden, the Goths, the Wendes;
Heir to Denmark, Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen;
Count of Oldenburg, Delmenhorst;


1809-1814

King of Sweden, the Goths, the Wendes;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen;




Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in 1789 [2: p.13]

The Upper Saxony:
- Fore Pomerania;




Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789 [2: p.3, 50]

Individual voices in the Council of Princes:
- Fore Pomerania;




Territorial Possessions in 1789

The Imperial Circle of the Upper Saxony:
- Fore Pomerania / Vorpommern;
- Rügen;

The Imperial Circle of the Lower Saxony:
- Wismar;


Sovereign outside the Empire:
- Sweden with Finland;




Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since 1789

- In 1803, Sweden pledged Wismar to Mecklenburg-Schwerin, reserving, however, the right of redemption after 100 years (In 1903, Sweden finally renounced its claims).

- In 1809, following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, the Emperor of Russia annexed Finland.

- In 1814, the King of Sweden exchanged his part of the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen for Norway with the King of Denmark.








2.1.2.2. First Oldenburg +1823

Friedrich-August (+1787), Bishop of Lübeck, son of Christian-August of Holstein-Gottorp (+1726), founded the First Gottorp branch of Oldenburg.

In 1773, by Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, Friedrich-August received the Imperial immediate Counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, and the Holstein-Gottorp individual voice in the Council of Princes of the Imperial Assembly.

In 1774, the Roman Emperor Joseph II elevated the Counties of Oldenburg & Delmenhorst to the rank of Duchy of Oldenburg [8: Band 2; p.225-226] (announced 1777).

In Aug 1806, with the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, the Duke of Oldenburg became a sovereign ruler.

In 1806-1807, the French army occupied Oldenburg.

In 1808, the Duke of Oldenburg joined the Confederation of the Rhine.

In Jan 1811, the Duke of Oldenburg was deposed, when Emperor Napoleon I annexed Oldenburg to the French Empire.

In 1813, the Duke of Oldenburg was restored in his possession after the fall of Napoleon I.

In 1815, the Congress of Vienna elevated Oldenburg to the rank of Grand Duchy.

In 1815, the Duke of Oldenburg joined the German Confederation.

In 1823, with the death of Duke Peter-Friedrich-Wilhelm, the First Gottorp branch of Oldenburg became extinct, and Oldenburg passed to the Second branch of Oldenburg.




List of the Rulers

Peter-Friedrich-Wilhelm (1754-1823) [1785-1806; 1807-1811; 1813-1823]
// Regent : Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig of Holstein-Oldenburg (+1829)




Titles

1777-1803

Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen;
Duke of Oldenburg;




Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in 1789 [2: p.14] [3: Abtheilung I; Band I; p.359]

The Lower Rhine-Westphalia:
- Oldenburg;
- Delmenhorst;




Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789 [2: p.4, 9, 50]

Individual voices in the Council of Princes:
- Holstein-Oldenburg;

Curial voices in the Council of Princes:
= the Counts of Westphalia =
- Oldenburg;




Territorial Possessions in 1789 [3: Abtheilung I; Band I; p.418-421]

The Imperial Circle of the Lower Rhine-Westphalia:
- Oldenburg;




Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1803
(Changes by the Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation)

Individual voices in the Council of Princes:
- Holstein-Oldenburg;
- Lübeck;




Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since 1789 [2: p.87]

- In Feb 1803, by the Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation the Bishopric of Lübeck became a hereditary Principality of the House of Oldenburg, and the Duke of Oldenburg acquired the former Hanoverian iterritory of Wildeshausen, and a portion of the secularized Bishopric of Münster (Vechte and Kloppenburg).

- In 1806-1807, the French army occupied Oldenburg.

- In 1811, the Duke of Oldenburg lost all of his sovereign possessions.

- In 1813, the Duke of Oldenburg was restored in his possession.

- In 1817, the Duke of Oldenburg acquired Birkenfeld-an-der-Nahe.

- In 1818, the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever to the Duke of Oldenburg.








2.1.2.3. Second Oldenburg

Georg-Ludwig (+1787), son of Bishop Christian-August of Lübeck (+1726), founded the Second Gottorp branch of Oldenburg.

In 1785, Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig (+1829), Bishop of Lübeck, son of Georg-Ludwig, became the Regent of Oldenburg for his cousin Duke Wilhelm.

In 1823, with the extinction of the First branch of Oldenburg, Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig (+1829) succeeded in Oldenburg.

In 1829, Paul-Friedrich-August accepted the title of Grand Duke of Oldenburg when he succeeded his father Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig in Oldenburg.

In 1867, the Grand Duke of Oldenburg joined the North German Confederation.

In 1871, the Grand Duke of Oldenburg joined the German Empire.

In the course of the November Revolution of 1918, the Grand Duke of Oldenburg was deposed.




List of the Rulers

Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig (1755-1829) [1823-1829]
// 1785-1823 Regent of Oldenburg, 1823-1829 Duke of Oldenburg;
// 1785-1803 Bishop of Lübeck;
Paul-Friedrich-August (1783-1853) [1829-1853]
Nicolaus-Friedrich-Peter (1827-1900) [1853-1900]
Friedrich-August (1852-1931) [1900-1918]




Titles

1777-1803

Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen;
Ruling Duke of Oldenburg;


1823-1829

Duke of Oldenburg;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen;
Prince of Lübeck, Birkenfeld;
Lord of Jever, Kniphausen;


1829-1918

Grand Duke of Oldenburg;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
Prince of Lübeck, Birkenfeld;
Lord of Jever, Kniphausen;




Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since 1789

- In 1814, the Lordship of Kniphausen, which belonged to the Count of Bentinck, came under the Oldenburg administration.

- In June 1825, by the Berlin Treaty the Count of Bentinck was restored as semi-independent Lord of Kniphausen under the Supremacy of Oldenburg;

- In 1854, the Grand Duke of Oldenburg annexed Kniphausen / Knipphausen.




Bibliography.

1. Büsching, Anton Friedrich. Neue Erdbeschreibung (Hamburg : Bohn, 1754-).
2. Lancizolle, Carl Wilhelm von. Uebersicht der deutschen Reichsstandschafts- und Territorial-Verhältnisse : vor dem französischen Revolutionskriege, der seitdem eingetretenen Veränderungen und der gegenwärtigen Bestandtheile des deutschen Bundes und der Bundesstaaten (Berlin : Dümmler, 1830).
3. Berghaus, Heinrich. Deutschland seit hundert Jahren. Geschichte der Gebiets-Eintheilung und der politischen Verfassung des Vaterlandes (Leipzig : 1859-1862; 5 vols) < I.Abt. Bd. 1-2: Deutschland vor hundert Jahren 1859/1860. 2. Abt. Bd. 1-3: Deutschland vor fünfzig Jahren, 1861/1862 >.
4. Stokvis, Anthony Marinus Hendrik Johan. Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les états du globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours (Leiden : E.J. Brill, 1887-1893; 3 vols; Reprint. Amsterdam : B.M. Israël, 1966).
5. Himly, Auguste. Histoire de la formation territoriale des etats de l'Europe centrale (Paris : Hachette, 1876; 2 vols).
6. Wallner, Emil. Die kreissässigen Reichsterritorien am Vorabend des Luneviller Friedens (Innsbruck : 1929) [Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung / MIÖG; Ergänzungsband 11].
7. Hölzle, Erwin. Der deutsche Südwesten am Ende des alten Reiches (Stuttgart : Württembergischen Statistischen Landesamt, 1938).
8. Frank, Karl Friedrich. Standeserhebungen und Gnadenakte für das Deutsche Reich und die österreichischen Erblande bis 1806 sowie kaiserlich österreichische bis 1823 (Senftenegg : 1967–1974; 5 vols).
9. Almanach de Gotha (Gotha : Justus Perthes, 1763-1944).
10. Isenburg, Wilhelm Karl Prinz von; Freytag von Loringhoven, Frank Baron; Schwennicke, Detlev. Europäische Stammtafeln (1935-).
11. Hassel, Georg. Statistischer Umriss der sämtlichen europäischen Staaten in Hinsicht ihrer Größe, Bevölkerung, Kulturverhältnisse, Handlung, Finanz- und Militärverfassung und ihrer aussereuropäischen Besitzungen (Braunschweig : Vieweg, 1805).
12. Laband, Paul; Stoerk, Felix; Mayer, Otto. Archiv für öffentliches Recht (J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1885-).
13. Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F.; Magdeleine, B. L'Allemagne Dynastique (1976-).