The sixteen territorial rulers of South and West Germany, who
left the Empire in July 1806, created the Confederation of the Rhine(Rheinbund) under the protection of Napoleon I (see the Appendix
1). The Act of the Confederation of the Rhine made all its members sovereign
rulers, and put under their Territorial supremacy (Landeshoheit) lands of
neighboring Imperial immediate nobles [3: tome VIII; p.480]. The Confederation
had an Assembly or Diet consisted of the Council of Kings, which included the
Prince-Primate (N.1), the Kings and Grand Dukes (N.2); and the Council of
Princes, which included Dukes and Princes (N.3). However, the Confederation of
the Rhine did not develop common institutions.
"... The act of the Confederation also seemed to hold forth
some hope that the new federation might develop a growing community of its
German member states. Apart from the presidency of the prince-primate, it
mentioned the establishment of two colleges, those of the kings and princes. But
the federal act stated that the forms of meetings of these organs, the subjects
of their deliberations, and the execution of their decisions were to be
determined by the future "fundamental statute." However, the councils of the
Rhenish Confederation never met to discuss plans for this fundamental statute.
States such as Bavaria and Württemberg were jealously guarding their newly
won sovereignty, which in their opinion would have been impaired by the creation
of a federal power. They realized, too, that such an authority would be
completely controlled by Napoleon... " [1: p.371-372].
Both the Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation of 1803, and
the Act of the Confederation of the Rhine of 1806 drastically changed state
borders in South and West Germany. However, when the Final Recess redistributed
territories, they retained their positions in the framework of the Imperial
institutions, including voting rights in the Imperial Assembly, obligations
toward Imperial Circles, etc. The Act of the Confederation removed in its
member-states the Imperial jurisdiction that protected representative bodies and
other local privileges. The rulers, which joined the Confederation, were now
free to build unified states ignoring rights of ancient territorial entities
(N.4).
"In former centuries, a new territory was joined to a state
by a simple personal union. Existing local laws and institutions, such as
estates or law courts, were preserved, and in the central government, an agency
was created which dealt with the affairs of the particular territory. But not
even the largest state, Bavaria, could possibly have absorbed the large number
of heterogeneous new lands in this fashion. Principalities and bishoprics, large
and small, abbeys, cities, and estates of imperial knights could not be annexed
by the old methods. Nor could one hope to protect historic rights. Everywhere
these were completely disregarded. Geographically or economically convenient
local and district units were formed and treated as equal parts of the state,
though, of course, they might vary in area and population. On the whole, the
organization followed the example of the French departements and
arrondissements, which had been created for the same reason, to blot out local
and provincial diversities and special privileges." [1: p.389].
The abolition of the Imperial institutions affected the
nomenclature in titles of the German rulers. In 1806, the rulers of Bavaria and
Hesse-Darmstadt drastically reduced the list of territories mentioned in their
titles. Many German rulers followed them: some completely dropped names from
their titles; other reduced the usage of full forms.
Notes:
1. In 1810, Karl von Dalberg (+1817),
Prince-Primate of the Confederation, exchanged his Principality of Regensburg
for Frankfurt am Main, and became Grand Duke of Francfort
(Frankfurt).
2. Napoleon I introduced the title of Grand Duke
(Grossherzog) in Germany for rulers of mid-size states.
3. Several rulers received higher titles when
they joined the Confederation of the Rhine: the Elector-Margrave of Baden became
Grand Duke, the Langrave of Hesse-Darmstadt became Grand Duke, the Prince of
Nassau-Usingen became Duke, the Duke of Berg became Grand Duke, and the Count of
Leyen-Hohengeroldseck became Prince.
3. The abolition of the Imperial institutions let
other rulers of German lands to disregard local traditions. For example,
on September 9, 1806, by the letter patent of the King of Denmark,
the Duchy of Holstein, the former member of the Empire united with Denmark only
by a personal union, was annexed to the Danish monarchy [3: tome VIII;
p.512].
The Mediatization of Imperial
Nobility
By the Act of the Confederation, the lesser territorial rulers
in South and West Germany, who were not allowed to join the Confederation, lost
their status of Imperial immediacy, i.e. were mediatized. The
Mediatization (Mediatisierung) did not confiscated possessions of the
mediatized nobility, but put their lands under Territorial supremacy of the
members the Confederation (see the Appendix 3). Position of the former Imperial
knights, an Imperial immediate noble group not represented in the Imperial
Assembly, became similar to the one of the territorial nobility. Mediatized
noble houses, which by 1806 had enjoyed the status of the Imperial Estate i.e.
voted in the Imperial Assembly, received important political privileges that
distinguished them from other noble families (N.1). These noble houses were
called Standesherrliche Häuser. Officially, Standesherren
were considered equal by birth (Ebenbürtigkeit) to the
Sovereign Houses of Europe (N.3). In many German countries, Standesherren
had hereditary right to sit in the first chambers of state assemblies
(similar to the House of Lords in the British Parliament). In 1825, the Assembly
of the German Confederation recognized the predicate of "Most Serene Highness"
(Durchlaucht) for the Heads of the Princely houses and in 1829 the
predicate of "Most Illustrious Highness" (Erlaucht) for the Heads of the
Comital houses (see the Appendix 4).
Notes:
1. a. The Houses of Bretzenheim, Abensberg-Traun,
Ligne and Nostitz were not recognized as Standesherren because they lost
their immediate lands and the status of Imperial Estate before July
1806.
b. The Houses of Bentinck, and Croÿ, which
did not have the status of Imperial Estate, were also counted among
Standesherren.
c. The House of Pappenheim was included in this
category, as the Counts of Pappenheim were present in the Imperial Assembly as
the Imperial Hereditary Marshall (Reichserbmarschall).
d. In 1803, the Prince of Esterházy
acquired Edelstetten from the Prince of Ligne who had an individual voice for
this territory in the Council of Princes. The House of Esterházy was
counted among Standesherren.
2. "... these who possess extraordinary
privileges; they can be subjected only to a particular court of justice ...;
they are free from all military service; they may keep a guard of honour: the
administration of justice, of police, and the patronage of the churches and
schools on their properties, belong to them; they are in possession of all the
domains of their properties or sovereignties; the direct taxes levied on their
subjects belong to them; their own property is free from direct taxation; they
may work mines and salt works, but must deliver the products into the hands of
the sovereign. This is the most privileged class." [2: volume I;
p.97].
3. From the end of the 19th century,
Almanach de Gotha listed Standesherren as one separate group in
its second part.
Extention of the Confederation of the
Rhine
Immediately after its creation, the Confederation of the Rhine
started to gain new members (see the Appendix 2). The first who joined was
Ferdinand of Austria, Elector of Würzburg on September 25, 1806. He
received the title of Grand Duke, and mediatized possessions of the Count of
Ortenburg, and the neighboring Imperial Knights [3: tome VIII;
p.510].
The War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) changed the
situation in North and East Germany. After the Prussian Army was routed at Jena
in October 1806, the French occupied possessions of the King of Prussia and his
allies, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel, the Dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbütel, of
Saxony-Coburg-Saalfeld, of Oldenburg, of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Prince of
Nassau-Orange, etc.
In December 1806, in the course of the War, all rulers of the
House of Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine [3: tome
VIII; p.552-555].
There was no Mediatization in North and East Germany (N.1). In
April 1807, twelve lesser rulers of the Houses of Anhalt, Reuss, Lippe,
Schwarzburg and Waldeck were admitted to the Confederation of the Rhine
[3: tome VIII; p.558, 560, 562, 565, 566].
By the Treaty of Tilsit in July 1807, which ended the
War of the Fourth Coalition, the King of Prussia lost a half of his
possessions but formally preserved his independence [3: tome VIII;
p.637]. The ruling Houses were restored in Oldenburg,
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Saxony-Coburg-Saalfeld. The Treaty recognized a new
creation of Napoleon, the Kingdom of Westphalia, which would consist of the
former possessions of Prussia, Hanover (N.2), Hesse-Kassel,
Brunswick-Wolfenbütel, Nassau-Orange (N.3), etc.The Elector of
Hesse-Kassel, the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbütel and the Prince of
Nassau-Orange were dispossessed.
In December 1807, Emperor Napoleon I gave the Kingdom of
Westphalia to his brother Hieronymus, who immediately joined the Confederation
of the Rhine [3: tome VIII; p.725]. When
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Oldenburg joineded the
Confederation in 1808, it included maximum number of its members. Only four
former members of the Empire preserved their possessions in Germany without
joining the Confederation: the Emperor of Austria, the Kings of Prussia, of
Sweden, and of Denmark.
In December 1810-January 1811, Emperor Napoleon annexed some
lands along the North Sea coast to support the Continental Blockade. As a
result, four members of the Confederation were dispossessed: Oldenburg,
Arenberg, Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg. The last German free cities, Lübeck,
Hamburg, Bremen, were also annexed to the French Empire.
Notes:
1. a. In 1806-1808, the Houses of Stolberg,
Kaunitz, Platen-Hallermund, and Bentheim, which enjoyed the status of Imperial
Estate, lost their position of territorial rulers.
b. Some of the new members received higher titles
when they joined the Confederation of the Rhine: the Elector-Duke of Saxony
became King, the Princes of Anhalt-Dessau and of Anhalt-Köthen became
Dukes, and the Count of Schaumburg-Lippe became Prince.
2. The possessions of the Elector of Hanover were
occupied in 1803 by the French, and in January 1806, they were annexed to
Prussia. In 1807, the greater part of it was included in the Kingdom of
Westphalia, and the remaining part administered by a French governor-general. In
1810, the whole of the former Electorate, except Luneburg, was assigned to
Westphalia, but before the end of the year, Napoleon I incorporated North parts
of Hanover into the French empire.
3. The Act of the Confederation of the Rhine
mediatized some possessions of the Prince of Nassau-Orange in July 1806:
Dillenburg, Hadamar, Siegen, Beilstein, Nassau, Diez, Weingarten, Hagnau, etc.
The Prince preserved Corvey and Fulda until the War of the Fourth Coalition.
The End of the Confederation of the
Rhine
Soon after the catastrophic retreat of Napoleon I from Russia
in December 1812, a new anti-French coalition was created in February-March
1813. Austria finally joined the Alliance in August 1813. To mobilize resources
of the German lands the Allies were going to enter during the war, they
established the Central Administrative Bureau. Karl, Baron of Stein headed it.
He suggested treating members of the Confederation of the Rhine as enemies and
their territories as conquered. But prevailed another point of view formulated
by Klemens, Count of Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister. He preferred not
to fight the members of the Confederation but to bring them on the Aliens' side.
This helped to save the sovereign status of most members of the Confederation.
The first to left the Confederation of the Rhine were the two Dukes of
Mecklenburg (March 1813). The next was the King of Bavaria (October 1813). The
Battle of the Nations at Leipzig (October 16-19) marked the end of the
Napoleonic Germany. In November 1813, Napoleon I crossed the Rhine, and
Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Baden, and the remaining members of the
Confederation joined the Allies. In the territories, whose rulers joined the
Alliance, the Central Administrative Bureau operated in accordance with the
local authorities. The lands of Hanover, Brunswick-Wolfenbütel,
Hesse-Kassel and Oldenburg restored to their old rulers, had the same treatment.
The German territories annexed by France or held by the rulers that did not join
the Allies (the Kingdoms of Saxony and Westphalia, the Grand Duchies of Berg and
Frankfurt, the Principalities of Reuss and Isenburg, etc), were governed
directly by the Bureau. Some German lands remained under such temporary
government until the Congress of Vienna (September 1814-June 1815) decided their
fate in the context of the general territorial rearrangements.
Bibliography.
1. Holborn, Hajo. A History of Modern Germany 1840-1945
(Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1982).
2. Hodgskin, Thomas. Travels in the north of Germany :
describing the present state of the social and political institutions, the
agriculture, manufactures, commerce, education, arts and manners in that
country, particulary in the Kingdom of Hannover (Edinburgh : Archibald
Constable, 1820).
3. Martens, Georges Frédéric de. Recueil
de traités d’alliance, de paix, de trêve, de
neutralité, de commerce, de limites, d’échange, etc., et
plusieurs autres actes servant à la connaissance des relations
étrangères des puissances et? tats de l’Europe tant dans
leur rapport mutuel que dans celui envers les puissances et? tats dans
d’autres parties du globe, depuis 1761 jusqu’à présent
(2e éd. revue et augmentée; Gottingue : Dieterich, 1817 -1835; 8
vols).
Appendix 1. The original members of the
Confederation (July 1806)
The Council of Kings:
1. the Prince-Primate of the Confederation (Prince of
Regensburg and Aschaffenburg in 1803-1810, Grand Duke of Francfort since
1810);
2. the King of Bavaria;
3. the King of Württemberg;
4. the Grand Duke of Baden;
5. the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt;
6. the Grand Duke of Berg (N.1).
The Council of Princes:
7. the Duke of Arenberg;
8. the Duke of Nassau-Usingen;
9. the Prince of Nassau-Weilburg;
10. the Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen;
11. the Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen;
12. the Prince of Salm-Salm;
13. the Prince of Salm-Kyrburg;
14. the Prince of Isenburg-Birstein;
15. the Prince of Liechtenstein;
16. the Prince of Leyen-Hohengeroldseck.
Notes:
1. In March 1806, Emperor Napoleon I gave the
Duchies of Berg and Cleve to Joachim Murat, his brother in-law. When Joachim
Murat joined the Confederation, he received the title of Grand Duke of Berg [3:
tome VIII; p.422]. In 1808, he became King of Naples and returned the Grand
Duchy of Berg to Napoleon I. In 1809, Emperor Napoleon I gave the Grand Duchy to
his nephew, Napoleon-Ludwig Bonapartee, Prince of Holland.
Appendix 2. Changes in the Confederation
(September 1806-October 1808):
New members that joined the Confederation:
In 1806:
- the Elector of Würzburg (in September),
- the Elector-Duke of Saxony (in December),
- the Duke of Saxony/Saxe-Weimar (in December),
- the Duke of Saxony/Saxe-Gotha (in December),
- the Duke of Saxony/Saxe-Meiningen (in December),
- the Duke of Saxony/Saxe-Coburg (in December),
- the Duke of Saxony/Saxe-Hildburghausen (in
December),
In 1807:
- the Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg (in April),
- the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (in April),
- the Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (in April),
- the Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (in April),
- the Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (in
April),
- the Prince of Lippe-Detmold (in April),
- the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (in April),
- the Prince of Waldeck (in April),
- the Prince of Reuss-Greiz (in April),
- the Prince of Reuss-Schleiz (in April),
- the Prince of Reuss-Lobenstein (in April),
- the Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (in April),
- the King of Westphalia (in December);
In 1808:
- the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (in February);
- the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (in March) and
- the Duke of Oldenburg (in October).
The members of the Confederation dispossessed in December
1810-January 1811:
1. the Duke of Arenberg;
2. the Prince of Salm-Salm;
3. the Prince of Salm-Kyrburg;
4. the Duke of Oldenburg (in October).
Appendix 3. The mediatized Imperial Estates by
the Act of the Confederation (July 1806).
- Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Hoym, in Holzapfel and
Schaumburg;
- Johann-Nepomuk-Gobert, Count of Aspremont-Lynden, in
Baindt;
- Wilhelm, Prince of Auersperg, in Thengen;
- Ludwig-Wilhelm-Geldricus-Ernst, Count of
Bentheim-Steinfurt;
- Alois-Sebastian, Baron of Bömelberg, in
Gemen;
- Albrecht-Friedrich-Karl, Count of Castell-Castell;
- Christian-Friedrich, Count of
Castell-Rüdenhausen;
- Franz-Gandakkar, Prince of Colloredo-Mansfeld, in
Limpurg-Speckfeld and Rieneck;
- Johann-Baptist-Karl, Prince of Dietrichstein, in
Neu-Ravensberg;
- Albrecht-August-Ludwig, Count of
Erbach-Fürstenau;
- Franz, Count of Erbach-Erbach;
- Karl, Count of Erbach-Schönberg;
- Nikolaus, Prince of Esterházy, in
Edelstetten;
- Karl-Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg, in Baar,
Stühlinen, Heiligenberg, Werdenberg, etc;
- Anselm-Maria, Prince of Fugger-Babenberg, in Boos,
Babenberg, Heimertingen, etc;
- Friedrich V, Langrave of Hesse-Homburg;
- Ludwig-Alois, Prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein;
- Karl-Joseph, Prince of Hohenlohe-Jagstberg;
- Christian-Friedrich-Karl, Prince of
Hohenlohe-Kirchberg;
- Karl-Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg;
- Friedrich-Ludwig, Prince of
Hohenlohe-Öhringen;
- Karl-Albrecht III, Prince of
Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst;
- Ernst-Kasimir III, Count of
Isenburg-Büdingen-Büdingen, in Ober-Isenburg;
- Karl-Wilhelm-Ludwig and Joseph, Counts of
Isenburg-Büdingen-Meerholz, in Ober-Isenburg;
- Louise, Countess of Pückler (born Countess of
Isenburg-Büdingen-Meerholz), in Limpurg-Gaildorf;
- Ludwig-Maximilian II, Count of
Isenburg-Büdingen-Wächtersbach, in Ober-Isenburg and
Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Franz-Xaver-Karl, Count of
Königsegg-Aulendorf;
- Karl-Friedrich-Wilhelm, Prince of Leiningen-Hartenburg, in
Amorbach, Miltenberg, Mosbach, Dürn, etc;
- Wilhelm-Karl, Count of Leiningen-Güntersblum, in
Billigheim, Allfeld, Katzenthal, etc;
- Wenzel-Joseph, Count of Leiningen-Heidesheim, in Neudenau
and Herzbolzheim;
- Louise, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt (born Countess of
Leiningen), in Bruch;
- Karoline-Sophie, Countess of Solms-Wildenfels (born Countess
of Leiningen), in Limpurg-Gaildorf,
- Christian-Karl, Count of Leiningen-Westerburg-Altleiningen,
in Westerburg, Schadeck, Ilbenstadt;
- Karl III, Count of Leiningen-Westerburg-Neuleiningen, in
Westerburg, Schadeck;
- Ernst-Maria, Count of Limburg-Styrum-Bronchhorst, in
Styrum;
- Joseph, Prince of Lobkowitz, in Sternstein;
- Johann-Karl-Ludwig and Friedrich-Karl-Gottlieb, Counts of
Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg, in Wertheim and
Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Dominik-Konstantin, Prince of
Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort, in Wertheim;
- Joseph-Arnold, Duke of Looz-Corswarem, in
Rheina-Wolbeck;
- Augusta, Countess of Sternberg (born Countess of
Manderscheid), and Franz-Joseph, Count of Sternberg in Schussenried;
- Franz-Georg-Karl-Joseph, Prince of Metternich, in
Ochsenhausen;
- Johann-Alois III, Prince of
Öttingen-Spielberg;
- Ludwig-Kraft-Ernst-Karl, Prince of
Öttingen-Öttingen;
- Johann-Friedrich-Karl-Maximilian, Count of Ostein, in
Buxheim;
- Maximilian-Friedrich, Counts of Plettenberg, in
Mietingen;
- Friedrich, Count of Pückler, in
Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Otto-Wilhelm, Count of Quadt, in Isny;
- Friedrich-Ludwig, Count of Rechteren, in
Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Wilhelm, Rhine Count (Rheingraf) of Grumbach, in
Horstmar;
- Augusta, Princess of Solms-Braunfels (born Countess of
Salm-Grumbach), in Limpurg-Gaildorf;
- Franz-Wilhelm-Joseph-Anton, Prince of
Salm-Reifferscheidt-Bedbur, in Krautheim;
- Albrecht, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, in
Wittgenstein;
- Friedrich-Karl, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohnstein, in
Wittgenstein and Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Friederike-Wilhelmine, Countesses of Salm-Grumbach (born
Countesses of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohnstein), in Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Karoline, Countesses of Isenburg-Meerholz (born Countesses
of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohnstein), in Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Louise, Countesses of Bentheim-Tecklenburg (born Countesses
of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohnstein), in Limpurg-Speckfeld;
- Martin-Richard, Count of Schäsberg, in
Tannheim;
- Karl-Heinrich-Johann-Wilhelm, Count of Schlitz named
Görtz;
- Hugo, Count of Schönborn, in Wiesentheid and
Reichelsberg;
- Joseph-Johann, Prince of Schwarzenberg;
- Prosper, Princes of Sinzendorf, in Winterrieden;
- Wihelm-Christian-Karl,
Karl-Ludwig-Wilhelm,Wilhelm-Christoph, Ludwig-Rudolf-Wilhelm,
Anton-Wilhelm-Friedrich, Princes of Solms-Braunfels;
- Friedrich-Ludwig-Christian, Count of
Solms-Laubach;
- Karl-Ludwig-August, Prince of
Solms-Lich-Hohensolms;
- Ernst, Count of Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim, in
Münzenberg, Limpurg-Gaildorf;
- Christiane-Wilhelmina-Louise, Princess of Leiningen (born
Countesses of Solms-Rödelheim), in Limpurg-Gaildorf;
- Friedrich-Magnus II, Count of Solms-Wildenfels, in
Engelthal;
- Johann-Georg, Count of Stadion, in Thannhausen;
- Johann-Wilhelm-Christoph, Count of Stolberg-Rosla, in
Königstein;
- Karl-Alexander, Prince of Thurn-Taxis, in Friedberg-Scheer,
Buchau, Eglingen, etc;
- Joseph-August, Count of Törring-Jettenbach, in
Guttenzell;
- Franz-Ferdinand, Prince of Trauttmansdorff, in Umpfenbach;
- Friedrich-Karl, Count of Walbott, Count of Bassenheim, in
Hegbach;
- Joseph-Anton-Xaver, Prince of
Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee;
- Maximilian-Wunibald, Prince of
Waldburg-Zeil-Trauchburg;
- Eberhard I, Prince of Waldburg-Zeil-Wurzach;
- Karl, Georg, Karoline and Karoline, Counts and Countesses of
Waldeck-Bergheim, in Limpurg-Gaildorf;
- Johann-Ludwig, Count of Wallmoden, in
Neustadt-Gimborn;
- Ludwig, Count of Wartenberg, in Roth;
- Karl-Ludwig-Friedrich-Alexander, Prince of
Wied-Runkel;
- Johann-Karl-August, Prince of Wied-Neuwied;
- Alfred, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, in Egloffs.
Notes:
1. a. The list includes only rulers who were
members of the Houses with the status of Imperial Estate and Imperial Circle
Estate.
b. The list does not include so-called
"personalists", the nobles with the status of Imperial Estate who were not
represented in Imperial Circle Assemblies. Some of them owned only Imperial
immediate territories included in the Imperial Knightly Circles (e.g., Rechberg,
Giech, Neipperg, etc.). These territories were also mediatized.
c. The list may also include Johann-Franz-Joseph,
Count of Nesselrode-Reichenstein and Franz-Anton-Joseph and Wilhelm, Counts of
Sickingen.
2. In April 1806, the King of Bavaria mediatized
lands of Joseph-Sebastian-Eligius, Count of Fugger-Glött, Joseph-Hugo,
Count of Fugger-Kirchheim, and Karl-Anton, Count of
Fugger-Norndorf.
3. In July 1806, some of territories of
Wilhelm-Friedrich, Prince of Nassau-Orange, and Christian-Friedrich, Count of
Stolberg-Wernigerode, were mediatized. Nevertheless, they remained sovereign
rulers in their other possessions: the Prince of Nassau-Orange in Corvey and
Fulda and the Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode in Schwarza.
Appendix 4. The Standesherrliche
Häuser recognized in the German states.
