Copyright © V. Rozn 1999-2015
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Last updated: Jan 2, 2015
Holstein and Oldenburg
The House of Holstein descended from the
ancient immediate Counts of Oldenburg [9: 1942; p.41, 65-68, 87-88,
105-106].
In 1448, Christian (+1481), Count of
Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, was elected King of Denmark (as Christian
I).
In 1450, Christian was elected King of
Norway.
In 1454, Christian I (+1481), King of Denmark,
ceded Oldenburg and Delmenhorst to his brothers Maurice and Gerhard, whose
descendants ruled in Oldenburg and Delmenhorst until 1667 (Note
2).
In 1460, Christian (+1481), King of
Denmark, succeeded his maternal uncle Adolf VIII in the Duchy of
Schleswig and in the Rendsburg portion of the County of
Holstein-Rendsburg (Note 1).
In 1474, the Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire elevated the County of Holstein-Rendsburg (with the land of Dithmarschen)
to the rank of Duchy.
Christian III and his brothers Johann "the Elder"
(+1580) and Adolf (+1586) divided the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (Note
3).
After the death of
Johann "the Elder,” Christian III and Adolf re-divided
Schleswig and Holstein, Christian III's parts became known as Glückstadt,
Adolf's parts as Gottorp /
Gottorf.
Christian III (+1559), and Adolf (+1586), sons of
Friedrich I, King of Denmark & Norway, Duke of Schleswig & Holstein,
founded, respectively, the Denmark and Gottorp branches.
Notes:
1. The County of Holstein was an Imperial
immediate land; the Duchy of Schleswig was under suzerainty of the Kings of
Denmark.
Another portion of the the County of Holstein
belonged to the Pinneberg branch of the original ruling House of Schaumburg /
Schauenburg.
2. Count Gerhard (+1550), younger brother of
Christian I, King of Denmark, and Duke of Holstein, founded the branch, that
ruled in Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, and became extinct in the male line in 1667.
As Anton-Günther (+1667), Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, the last
representative of the branch, had no legitimate son, Oldenburg and Delmenhorst
passed to the Kings of Denmark. Anton-Günther left an illegitimate son,
Anton (+1680), who received the family name of Aldenburg, was legitimized and
elevated to the rank of Imperial Count (1653) by the Emperor of the Romans.
Count Anton I of Aldenburg founded the branch that ruled in Kniphausen and Varel
until 1800, and became extinct in the male line in 1738. In 1733, Countess
Sophie-Charlotte of Aldenburg (1715-1800), Lady of Kniphausen and Varel in
1738-1800, daughter of the last male representative of the branch, married Count
Wilhelm of Bentinck (1704-1774). Their descendants ruled in Kniphausen and Varel
until 1854.
3.
As the Dukes of Holstein, the
three brothers had the equal right, and were immediate territorial rulers of the
Holy Roman Empire. In Schleswig, Johann "the Elder" and Adolf recognized the
suzerainty of Christian III as King of Denmark.
1. Denmark
King Christian III (+1559), continued the direct
Denmark branch. He and his descendants ruled in the Kingdoms of Denmark and
Norway.
Friedrich III (+1588)
and Johann "the Younger" (+1622), sons of King Christian III, founded,
respectively, the branches of Denmark and Sonderburg
(N1.).
Notes:
1. Their brother Magnus (+1583) ruled as King of
Livonia in 1570-1577.
1. Denmark +1863
King Friedrich III (+1588), continued the direct
Denmark branch. He and his descendants ruled in the Kingdoms of Denmark and
Norway, and in the Glückstadt parts of the Duchies of Schleswig and
Holstein.
Friedrich III and his brother Johann "the
Younger" (+1622), divided the Glückstadt parts of Schleswig and Holstein.
In 1640, after the extinction of the Pinneberg
branch of the House of Holstein-Schaumburg, its parts of Holstein passed to the
Kings of Denmark.
In Jan 1661, Denmark officially became a
Hereditary Monarchy. Although hereditary monarchs de facto, until 1660
each successor became King of Denmark de jure only through election by the
Rigsråd.
In 1721, by the Peace of Nystaedt, the King of
Denmark acquired the Gottorp parts of the Duchy of Schleswig.
In 1773, by Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, the King of
Denmark acquired the Gottorp parts of the Duchy of Holstein [13: tome VII;
p.201].
In Aug 1806,
with the abdication of the Roman Emperor, the suzerainty
of the Holy Roman Empire over the German possessions of the King of Denmark
ended.
In 1814, the King of Denmark ceded his rights to
the Crown of Norway to he King of Sweden.
In 1815, the King of Denmark joined the German
Confederation as Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg.
In 1863, the Denmark branch of the
House of Holstein became extinct in the male line. The Kingdom of Denmark
with the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein & Lauenburg passed to Christian of
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (+1906).
List of the Rulers
Christian VII (1749-1808) [1766-1808]
Friedrich VI (1768-1839) [1808-1839]
Christian VIII (1786-1848) [1839-1848]
Friedrich VII (1808-1863) [1848-1863]
Titles
1777-1814
King of Denmark, Norway, the Goths, the
Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
1814-1814
King of Denmark, the Goths, the
Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Lauenburg, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg, Pomerania;
Prince of Rügen;
1814-1816
King of Denmark, the Goths, the
Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
1816-1863
King of Denmark, the Goths, the
Wendes;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Lauenburg, Oldenburg;
Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in
1789 [2: p.13]
The Lower Saxony:
- Holstein-Glückstadt;
- Holstein-Gottorp;
- Rantzau;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789
[2: p.4, 50]
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Holstein-Glückstadt;
Territorial Possessions in 1789
The Imperial Circle of the Lower
Saxony:
- Holstein with Stormarn and
Dithmarschen;
- Pinneberg with Rantzau;
Sovereign outside the Empire:
- Denmark;
- Norway with Iceland and the Faroe
Islands;
- Schleswig / Slesvig;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1803
[3: Abtheilung II; Band I; p.358-360]
(Changes by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation)
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Holstein-Glückstadt;
- Holstein-Plön;
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789
- In Jan 1814, by The Treaty of Kiel the King of
Denmark exchanged the Kingdom of Norway for Fore Pomerania with Rügen with
the King of Sweden. Iceland and the Faroe Islands remained with
Denmark.
- In 1814, the King of Denmark exchanged Fore
Pomerania with Rügen for the Duchy of Lauenburg.
1.2. Sonderburg
Johann "the Younger"
(+1622), son of King Christian III, founded the
Sonderburg / Sønderborg appanage
branch.
Johann "the Younger"
and his elder brother Friedrich III, King of Denmark and Norway, divided
the Glückstadt
parts of the Duchies of Schleswig
and Holstein.
The possessions of the
Sonderburg branch in Holstein were under the Territorial Supremacy of the Kings
of Denmark in their position of the Dukes of
Holstein-Glückstadt.
Duke Johann's sons and grandsons of founded
several sub-branches of the Sonderburg branch (Franzhagen, Wiesenburg,
Plön, Norburg, Glücksburg, Augustenburg, Beck, etc.) (Note 1).
By the end of the 18th
century, only the Augustenburg and Beck branches survived.
Ernst-Günther (+1689), and August-Philipp
(+1675), sons of Alexander (+1627), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg,
founded, respectively, the branches of Augustenburg and Beck.
Notes:
1.
The Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein from the several Sonderburg
sub-branches (e.g., Plön, Norburg, and
Glücksburg) minted their own
coins.
1.2.1. Augustenburg
+1931
Duke Ernst-Günther (+1689), founded the
branch of Augustenburg / Augustenborg.
In Nov 1863, upon the extinction of the Denmark
branch, Friedrich-Christian-August of Augustenburg (+1880), advanced claims to
the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
In Dec 1863, the Saxon and Hanoverian
troops marched into Holstein in the name of the German Confederation, and
supported by their presence and by the loyalty of the Holsteiners
Friedrich-Christian-August assumed government as Duke Friedrich VIII of
Schleswig and Holstein.
In 1864, the invasion of the Prussian and
Austrian troops put aside Duke Friedrich VIII and took control over Schleswig
and Holstein.
List of the Rulers
Friedrich VIII-Christian-August (+1880) [1863-1864]
Titles
1777-1863
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
1863-1864
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Ditmarshes;
1.2.2. Beck (Glücksburg
after 1825)
Duke August-Philipp (+1675), son of Alexander
(+1627), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, founded the branch of
Beck.
In 1825, Duke Wilhelm of
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (+1831), take the title of Duke of
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg /
Lyksborg.
Friedrich (+1885) and Christian (+1906), sons of
Duke Wilhelm (+1831), founded, respectively, the Glücksburg Ducal and the
Denmark Royal branches.
1.2.2.1. Glücksburg
Duke Friedrich (+1885), the second son of Duke
Wilhelm, continued the Glücksburg Ducal branch (Note 1).
Notes:
1. In 1903, Emperor Nicholas II of Russia
declared that if the male issue of Duke Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig of Oldenburg
(+1829) would completely extinct, he inclined to transfer all the rights of the
Imperial House of Russia in Oldenburg to Duke Friedrich-Ferdinand (+1934), the
Head of the Glücksburg branch, and the eldest son of Duke Friedrich (+1885)
[21: Band XIX (1905); p.211-214].
Titles
1825- >
Duke of
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
1.2.2.2.
Denmark-Glücksburg
Christian (+1906), the fourth son of Duke Wilhelm
of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, founded the new Denmark Royal
House of Glücksburg.
In 1863, Christian of Glücksburg
(+1906) became King of Denmark (as Christian IX), Duke of Schleswig,
Holstein and Lauenburg.
In Oct 1864, by the Treaty of Vienna
Christian IX ceded all of his German possessions (Schleswig, Holstein,
and Lauenburg) to Prussia and Austria.
Notes:
1. Wilhelm (+1913), the second son of King
Christian IX of Denmark, became King / Basileus of the Greeks (as Georgios I),
and founded the Greek Royal House that reigned until 1973.
2. Carl (+1957), the second son of King Frederik
IX of Denmark, became King of Norway (as Haakon VII), and founded the Royal
House that has reigned in Norway.
3. Christian X (+1947) was King of Denmark from
1912 to 1947 and King of Iceland between 1918 and 1944.
4. Because King Frederick IX of Denmark (+1972)
had no sons, it was expected that his younger brother Prince Knud (+1976) would
inherit the Throne, in accordance with Denmark's succession law (Royal Ordinance
of 1853). However, in 1953, an Act of Succession was passed, changing the method
of succession to cognatic primogeniture, meaning that his eldest daughter,
Margrethe, could succeed if he had no sons, which she did, as Queen Margrethe II
in 1972. By order of 27 March 1953 the succession to the throne was limited to
the issue of King Christian X.
List of the Rulers
Christian VIII (1816-1906) [1863-1864]
// 1863-1908 King of Denmark; 1863-1864 Duke
of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg
Titles
1863-1918
King of Denmark, the Wendes, the
Goths;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Ditmarshes, Lauenburg, Oldenburg;
2. Gottorp
In 1544, Adolf (+1586), son of Friedrich I, King
of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, received parts of Duchies
of Schleswig and Holstein, and founded the branch named Gottorp / Gottorf after
his residence in Schleswig.
In 1658, the Duke of
Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp became a sovereign ruler, when, by the Treaty
of Roskilde, the King of Denmark renounced his suzerainty over the Gottorp
portion of Schleswig.
Friedrich IV (+1702) and Christian-August
(+1726), sons of Christian-Albrecht (+1695), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp,
founded, respectively, the direct Gottorp and Eutin branches.
2.1. Russia / Romanov
Duke Friedrich IV
(+1702) continued the branch that ruled in the Gottorp portion of Schleswig and
Holstein.
During the Great
Northern War (1700-1721), Duke Karl-Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
(+1739) sided with Sweden, and Danish troops defeated him and occupied his
portion of Schleswig.
In 1720, by the
Treaty of Frederiksborg, Karl-Friedrich lost his possessions in Schleswig and
his sovereign status.
Duke Karl-Friedrich
(+1739) married Anna, a daughter of Peter I "the Great",
Emperor
of Russia from the House of
Romanov.
In 1742, Elizabeth,
Empress of Russia, proclaimed as heir to the Russian Throne her nephew
Karl-Peter-Ulrich
(+1762), the only
child of Karl-Friedrich and Anna.
In Jan 1762,
Karl-Peter Ulrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, became Emperor of Russia as
Peter III. He
and his descendants accepted Romanov /
Romanoff
as their
dynastic name.
In June 1762,
Catherine (+1796), the wife of Emperor Peter III, forced him to abdicate and
became Empress Ekaterina / Catherine II of Russia. In several days, Peter III
died, and their son Pavel / Paul (+1801) succeeded in Holstein-Gottorp.
In 1773, by
Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, Paul (+1801)
ceded
the Gottorp portion of Holstein to the King of Denmark
and lost his representation in
the Imperial Diet and
other Imperial institutions [13: tome VII;
p.189]. (Note 1).
In 1796,
Paul (+1801)
succeeded his mother Ekaterina / Catherine II as Emperor Pavel I and inherited
the Imperial immediate Lordship of Jever.
In Aug 1806,
with the abdication of the Roman Emperor, the suzerainty
of the Holy Roman Empire over Jever ended.
In 1807, by the
Treaty of Tilsit, the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever to the King of
Holland.
In 1813, the
Emperor of Russia regained Jever.
In 1818, the
Emperor of Russia ceded Jever, his only possession in
Germany, to
Oldenburg.
In the course of the
February Revolution of 1917, the Emperor of Russia was deposed.
In 1992, Grand
Duke Vladimir of Russia died, and according to the strict interpretation of the
Russian Imperial succession laws, the Russian Imperial House of Romanov became
extinct in the male line (Note
2).
Notes:
1.The King of Denmark
ceded the Counties of Oldenburg
and
Delmenhorst,
which Paul
immediately gave
to his male
relative Friedrich-August of
Holstein-Gottorp (+1787), Bushop of
Lübeck.
2.
Several living male descendants
of the Emperors of Russia from non-equal marriages claim the official membership
in the House.
List of the Rulers
Paul (1754-1801) [1762-1773, 1796-1801]
// 1762-1773 in Holstein-Gottorp; 1796-1801 in
Jever;
// 1796 Emperor of Russia; 1798 Grand Master
of the Order of St. John
Alexander (1777-1825) [1801-1807, 1813-1818]
// 1801-1807, 1813-1818 in
Jever
// 1801-1825 Emperor of
Russia
Titles
1796-1801
Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow,
Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric
Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn;
Podolia;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland &
Semigalia, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka,
Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower
Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor,
Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern
Countries;
Lord of the Land of Iveria, of the Czars of
Kartly and Georgia, of the Land of Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses
& the Mountaineers,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
Lord of Jever;
1801- Jan 1809
Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow,
Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric
Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn;
Podolia;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland &
Semigalia, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm,
Viatka, Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower
Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor,
Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern
Countries;
Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia,
Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the
Mountaineers;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
Lord of Jever;
Jan 1809-1815
Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow,
Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric
Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn;
Podolia, Finland;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland &
Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka,
Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower
Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor,
Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern
Countries;
Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia,
Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
1815-1828
Emperor & Autocrat of all Russia, of Moscow,
Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod;
Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Poland, Siberia, Tauric
Chersonese;
Lord of Pskov;
Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn;
Podolia, Finland;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland &
Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka,
Bulgaria;
Lord & Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower
Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udor,
Obdoria, Conda, Vitebsk, Mstislavl;
Dominator of all the Northern
Countries;
Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia,
Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers,
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
Territorial Possessions in 1789
Outside Imperial Circles:
- Jever;
Sovereign outside the Empire:
- the Russian Empire that among other lands
included Estonia / Estland, Livonia / Liefland, Courland / Kurland
/ Kurzeme, Semigalia / Semgallen / Zemgale, Lithuania / Lietuva, White
Russia / Belorussia / Belarus, Crimea, Wolyn; Podolia, Lesser Russia (Ukraine),
North Caucasus, the Volga and Ural Regions, Siberia, Alaska. The Emperor of
Russia was overlorship over Kartli-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia / Sakartvelo), North
Kazakhstan, etc.
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789 [13: tome VII; p.204].
- In 1801, the Emperor of Russia annexed the
Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia).
- In 1803, the Emperor of Russia became the
overlord of the Principality of Mingrelia (Western Georgia /
Sakartvelo).
- In 1804, the Emperor of Russia became the
overlord of the Kingdom of Imereti (Western Georgia).
- In 1807, by the Treaty of Tilsit the Emperor of
Russia ceded Jever to the King of Holland.
- In 1809, following the Swedish defeat in the
war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, the Emperor of Russia annexed
Finland that became a autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire.
- In 1810, the Emperor of Russia annexed Imereti
(Western Georgia).
- In 1810, the Emperor of Russia became the
overlord of the Principality of Abkhazia.
- In 1812, the Emperor of Russia acquired
Bessarabia by the Treaty of Bucharest that concluded the Russo-Turkish War
(1806-1812).
- In 1813, the Emperor of Russia regained
Jever.
- In 1815, by the
decisions of
the Congress of Vienna, the Emperor of Russia acquired Poland that became a
autonomous Kingdom in the Russian Empire.
- In 1818, the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever to
Oldenburg.
2.1.2. Eutin
Christian-August (+1726), Bishop of Lübeck,
son of the ruling Duke Christian-Albrecht of
Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
(+1695) founded the Eutin branch. Christian-August and his descendants ruled as
Bishops of Lübeck (Note 1).
Adolf-Friedrich (+1771), Friedrich-August (+1787)
and Georg-Ludwig (+1763), sons of Christian-August (+1726), founded,
respectively, the Sweden, the First Oldenburg and the Second Oldenburg
branches.
Notes:
Since 1586 the chapter of the Protestant
(Lutheran) Bishopric of Lübeck elected only members the
Gottorp
branch of the House of
Holstein as
Bishops. The Bishopric had an individual voice in the Ecclesiastical bench of
the Council of Prince of the Imperial Assembly. Eutin was the residence of the
Bishops of Lübeck. In 1803, by the Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation,
the Bishopric of Lübeck became an hereditary possession of the Eutin branch
of the House of
Holstein.
2.1.2.1. Sweden
+1877
In 1727, Adolf-Friedrich (+1771), the second son
of Christian-August of Holstein-Gottorp, succeeded his elder brother
Karl--August in the Bishopric of Lübeck.
In 1751, Adolf-Friedrich, became King
of Sweden (since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the Crown of Sweden
possessed several immediate territories in the Holy Roman Empire and
representation in the Imperial Assembly).
In Aug 1806,
with the abdication of the Roman Emperor, the suzerainty
of the Holy Roman Empire over the German possessions of the King of Sweden
ended.
In 1814, the King of Sweden ceded all
of his German possessions and acquired the Kingdom of Norway.
In 1818, after the death of King Karl XIII, the
reign of the House of Holstein-Gottorp in Sweden and Norway ended (Note
1).
In 1877, with the death of Gustav, son of
the deposed King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, the branch of Sweden became extinct
in the male line.
Notes:
1. In 1818, the Crowns of Sweden and Norway
passed to the House of Bernadotte.
List of the Rulers
Gustav (as III in Sweden) (1746-1792) [1771-1792]
Gustav (as IV in Sweden) Adolf (1778-1837)
[1792-1809]
Karl (as XIII in Sweden) (1748-1818) [1809-1814]
// 1809-1814 in Fore Pomerania,
Rügen
// 1809-1818 King of Sweden; 1814-1818 King of
Norway
Titles
1751-1792
King of Sweden, the Goths, the
Wendes;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn,
Dithmarschen;
Count of Oldenburg, Delmenhorst;
1792-1809
King of Sweden, the Goths, the
Wendes;
Heir to Denmark, Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn,
Dithmarschen;
Count of Oldenburg, Delmenhorst;
1809-1814
King of Sweden, the Goths, the
Wendes;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn,
Dithmarschen;
Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in
1789 [2: p.13]
The Upper Saxony:
- Fore Pomerania;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789
[2: p.3, 50]
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Fore Pomerania;
Territorial Possessions in 1789
The Imperial Circle of the Upper
Saxony:
- Fore Pomerania /
Vorpommern;
- Rügen;
The Imperial Circle of the Lower
Saxony:
- Wismar;
Sovereign outside the Empire:
- Sweden with Finland;
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789
- In 1803, Sweden pledged Wismar to
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, reserving, however, the right of redemption after 100
years (In 1903, Sweden finally renounced its claims).
- In 1809, following the Swedish defeat in the
war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, the Emperor of Russia annexed
Finland.
- In 1814, the King of Sweden exchanged his part
of the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen for Norway with the
King of Denmark.
2.1.2.2. First Oldenburg
+1823
Friedrich-August (+1787), Bishop of Lübeck,
son of Christian-August of Holstein-Gottorp (+1726), founded the First Gottorp
branch of Oldenburg.
In 1773, by Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo,
Friedrich-August received the Imperial immediate Counties of Oldenburg and
Delmenhorst, and the Holstein-Gottorp individual voice in the Council of
Princes of the Imperial Assembly.
In 1774, the Roman Emperor Joseph II
elevated the Counties of Oldenburg & Delmenhorst to the rank of
Duchy of Oldenburg [8: Band 2; p.225-226] (announced
1777).
In Aug 1806, with the abolition of the
Holy Roman Empire, the Duke of Oldenburg became a sovereign
ruler.
In 1806-1807, the French army occupied
Oldenburg.
In 1808, the Duke of Oldenburg joined the
Confederation of the Rhine.
In Jan 1811, the Duke of Oldenburg was
deposed, when Emperor Napoleon I annexed Oldenburg to the French
Empire.
In 1813, the Duke of Oldenburg was
restored in his possession after the fall of Napoleon I.
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna elevated
Oldenburg to the rank of Grand Duchy.
In 1815, the Duke of Oldenburg joined the German
Confederation.
In 1823, with the death of Duke
Peter-Friedrich-Wilhelm, the First Gottorp branch of Oldenburg became
extinct, and Oldenburg passed to the Second branch of
Oldenburg.
List of the Rulers
Peter-Friedrich-Wilhelm (1754-1823) [1785-1806;
1807-1811; 1813-1823]
// Regent : Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig of
Holstein-Oldenburg (+1829)
Titles
1777-1803
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen;
Duke of Oldenburg;
Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in
1789 [2: p.14] [3: Abtheilung I;
Band I; p.359]
The Lower
Rhine-Westphalia:
- Oldenburg;
- Delmenhorst;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789
[2: p.4, 9, 50]
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Holstein-Oldenburg;
Curial voices in the Council of Princes:
= the Counts of Westphalia
=
- Oldenburg;
Territorial Possessions in 1789 [3:
Abtheilung I; Band I; p.418-421]
The Imperial Circle of the Lower
Rhine-Westphalia:
- Oldenburg;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1803
(Changes by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation)
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Holstein-Oldenburg;
- Lübeck;
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789 [2: p.87]
- In Feb 1803, by the Final Recess of the
Imperial Deputation the Bishopric of Lübeck became a hereditary
Principality of the House of Oldenburg, and the Duke of Oldenburg acquired the
former Hanoverian iterritory of Wildeshausen, and a portion of the secularized
Bishopric of Münster (Vechte and Kloppenburg).
- In 1806-1807, the French army occupied
Oldenburg.
- In 1811, the Duke of Oldenburg lost all of his
sovereign possessions.
- In 1813, the Duke of Oldenburg was restored in
his possession.
- In 1817, the Duke of Oldenburg acquired
Birkenfeld-an-der-Nahe.
- In 1818, the Emperor of Russia ceded Jever to
the Duke of Oldenburg.
2.1.2.3. Second Oldenburg
Georg-Ludwig (+1787), son of Bishop
Christian-August of Lübeck (+1726), founded the Second Gottorp branch of
Oldenburg.
In 1785, Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig (+1829), Bishop
of Lübeck, son of Georg-Ludwig, became the Regent of Oldenburg for his
cousin Duke Wilhelm.
In 1823, with the extinction of the First
branch of Oldenburg, Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig (+1829) succeeded in
Oldenburg.
In 1829, Paul-Friedrich-August accepted
the title of Grand Duke of Oldenburg when he succeeded his father
Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig in Oldenburg.
In 1867, the Grand
Duke of
Oldenburg joined the North German
Confederation.
In 1871, the Grand
Duke of
Oldenburg joined the German Empire.
In the course of the
November Revolution of 1918, the Grand
Duke of
Oldenburg was deposed.
List of the Rulers
Peter-Friedrich-Ludwig (1755-1829) [1823-1829]
// 1785-1823 Regent of Oldenburg, 1823-1829
Duke of Oldenburg;
// 1785-1803 Bishop of Lübeck;
Paul-Friedrich-August (1783-1853) [1829-1853]
Nicolaus-Friedrich-Peter (1827-1900) [1853-1900]
Friedrich-August (1852-1931) [1900-1918]
Titles
1777-1803
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen;
Ruling Duke of Oldenburg;
1823-1829
Duke of Oldenburg;
Heir to Norway;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen;
Prince of Lübeck, Birkenfeld;
Lord of Jever, Kniphausen;
1829-1918
Grand Duke of Oldenburg;
Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Oldenburg;
Prince of Lübeck, Birkenfeld;
Lord of Jever, Kniphausen;
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789
- In 1814, the Lordship of Kniphausen, which
belonged to the Count of Bentinck, came under the Oldenburg administration.
- In June 1825, by the Berlin Treaty the Count of
Bentinck was restored as semi-independent Lord of Kniphausen under the Supremacy
of Oldenburg;
- In 1854, the Grand Duke of Oldenburg annexed
Kniphausen / Knipphausen.
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